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Pashinyan Toys: Some of the weapons on display turned out not to be weapons at all

May 28, 2026 By administrator Leave a Comment

Today, a festive military parade dedicated to the 108th anniversary of the First Republic took place in Yerevan’s Republic Square. As part of the parade, 3 cannon shots were fired, and the RA Armed Forces aviation also flew.

It seems that Nikol Pashinyan had planned this parade for political purposes for a long time, in order to use it for his own political PR exactly ten days before the elections.

Former ambassador and politician Edgar Ghazaryan also went to Republic Square for the parade. Speaking to us about the parade, he shared his impressions: “We will discuss the parameters and quality of the weapons that were shown in more detail later, military experts should talk about this in particular. Some of the weapons shown there, it turned out, are not weapons at all. For example, the French “Bastion” armored personnel carrier is an ordinary passenger car for transporting military personnel. It cannot be presented as a weapon. Or the robot dogs that were shown looked like toys, I have a hard time imagining what combat tasks they can solve. What are they useful for and why were they created, or, let’s say, they bought guns, I wonder if they were also able to buy shells or not, because I have information that India cannot sell Indian artillery, shells, because they do not have such a right. This is reminiscent of the story of the same SUs, which could not be used in practice. As surprising as it may seem, the SUs that were purchased before the 44-day war were also displayed at the military parade, but they were not suitable for solving combat problems. It was a pointless display of toys. The interesting thing was that a person who committed a crime during military service reported to someone who did not serve in the army about the military parade.

By

Filed Under: Articles

The Imperative of Preserving the Statehood of Artsakh:

May 27, 2026 By administrator Leave a Comment

By Aram Mkrtchyan

The Imperative of Preserving Artsakh’s Statehood: Reaffirming Hereditary Rights and Historical-Legal Foundations Since May 2025,

the Republic of Artsakh has been functioning de jure without an elected president. The institution of the President serves as the primary legal guarantor of statehood, constitutional order, and the inalienable rights of the people. Today, the issue of restoring and exercising Artsakh’s legal-political subjectivity and hereditary rights has once again returned to the forefront of the political agenda. As a reminder, the office of the President of the Republic of Artsakh has remained vacant since May 2025, following the end of Samvel Shahramanyan’s term in office. Since then, the Chairman of the National Assembly, Ashot Danielyan, has also been performing the duties of the President of the Republic of Artsakh. Currently, the National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh aims to initiate a new presidential election process. According to reliable sources, the most likely and viable candidate at this moment is Anastas Israelyan, the founder of the “Reviving Artsakh” movement. He is one of those exceptional figures who returned to the homeland as early as 2020, unconditionally dedicating his entire work and potential to resolving the challenges facing Artsakh’s statehood,

preserving its Armenian identity, and protecting national interests. We view this step by the National Assembly to elect a president as a crucial milestone in preserving the de jure statehood structures of Artsakh, reaffirming its historical heritage, and continuing the subsequent legal struggle in international tribunals. The preservation of Artsakh’s subjectivity today relies not only on the principles of modern international law but also on centuries-old, well-established hereditary rights. The historical, economic, and legal heritage of the Armenians of Artsakh is not a recent phenomenon; it has been recognized and respected for centuries by the major powers of the region:

The Persian and Ottoman Empires: Since the Middle Ages, special decrees (firmans) by Persian Shahs and Ottoman legal acts officially recognized the sovereignty of the Armenian Melikdoms (principalities) of Artsakh and their hereditary rights to their lands. The Russian Empire: Through the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and subsequent Russian imperial legal acts, Russia likewise reaffirmed the legitimacy and hereditary rights of the Armenian population over their domains in Artsakh. Based on the legal foundations and historical documents of these three empires, an area of 4,161 square kilometers—including all its subsoil, natural resources, and material-cultural values—was recognized as the inalienable heritage of the Armenians of Artsakh. This signifies that the right to these territories belongs exclusively to the Armenian people of Artsakh by historical succession, and no political or military occupation can nullify this de jure right. The public-legal governance system of Artsakh has deep historical roots, and the modern institution of the presidency has evolved along the following steady path: Early 1990s: Dictated by wartime conditions, the country was governed by the Supreme Council and the State Defense Committee (SDC). 1994: The presidential system of governance was introduced as the next logical step toward strengthening independent statehood.

Robert Kocharyan was elected as the first President. Subsequent Years: Through democratic nationwide elections, the institution of the presidency (under Arkadi Ghukasyan, Bako Sahakyan, and Arayik Harutyunyan) became the cornerstone of Artsakh’s sovereignty and a legitimate body for engaging with the outside world. International facts also bear witness to this legitimacy: OSCE Minsk Group: The co-chairing countries (USA, Russia, and France) consistently took into account the elected authorities of Artsakh across various de facto and legal platforms, viewing Artsakh as a subject of the conflict. Recognition by US States: Around ten states of the United States of America (including California, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and others) have adopted official resolutions recognizing the independence of the Republic of Artsakh and its people’s right to self-determination. We call upon the authorities of the Republic of Artsakh to act strictly within the framework of law and to derive all future steps and political actions solely from the historical and inalienable hereditary rights of the Armenian people of Artsakh. This is the only path to preserving the legal foundations of statehood and preventing the final loss of Artsakh’s subjectivity. United Armenian Senate A. Mkrtchyan

Filed Under: Articles

If Pashinyan is re-elected, Armenia will become a “gubernia” of several countries

May 11, 2026 By administrator

Russian President Vladimir Putin also touched upon relations with Armenia during his speech on May 9, Victory Day in the Patriotic War.

Putin suggested holding a rally to find out whether the Armenian people want to join the European Union or stay in the Eurasian Economic Union, and if it turns out that the Armenian people want to join the EU, they will offer a civilized “de-escalation” option.

Political scientist Stepan Danielyan, referring to Putin’s statement, notes that the Russian president hinted that they could leave the region and that it should be the decision of the Armenian people. However, to understand what will follow, one does not need to go far, one simply needs to look at history. “Who will fill the geopolitically empty region? We just need to remember what happened before the Russians came.

Since the 16th century, the current territory of Armenia and Azerbaijan has been a place of competition between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, and the main wars were fought for the Yerevan fortress, which was built for this very purpose. The main victims and material for the deportations in those wars were Armenians. This will happen again, and for the West, Armenians will share the fate of the Kurds, who are used and exploited, exploited and exploited,” Danielyan notes.

Political scientist Hakob Badalyan also believes that Putin’s statements mean one thing: Nikol Pashinyan will pay a very high price to Russia for his re-election, but at the expense of Armenia. “Putin makes these harsh statements publicly for two reasons, firstly, to raise the price when he sees that other power centers have also set a high price and come after it. The second reason is so that the Armenian public can also “witness” this process. The purpose of this is probably so that Nikol Pashinyan does not have a large field for informational and propaganda manipulation later. At the same time, with these statements, the Russian president, on the one hand, raising the price and on the other hand, reducing Pashinyan’s field of maneuver, simultaneously gives him “carte blanche” to play the anti-Russian component of the pre-election campaign, Badalyan emphasizes.

The political scientist warns that with such developments, if Nikol Pashinyan retains his power after the 2026 parliamentary elections, it will turn Armenia into a “gubernia” and not only of Russia, but also of the USA, Europe, Turkey, China, Iran, that is, Armenia will become a country where decisions will be made by a number of strong players, with all the consequences arising from this: intersecting interests, conflicting interests, etc.

“When holding power becomes an end in itself, in a state like Armenia, the fate I mentioned above becomes inevitable for the state. And in order not to turn Armenia into a “gubernia” or a “geopolitical consortium”, Armenia needs at least a change of government, based on which a qualitative change in the situation will also occur. The electoral process is an opportunity to do this, which can be unforgivable to miss. I repeat, there is absolutely no emotional component here. This is the political situation from which they are trying to divert public attention with emotional-declarative rhetoric about sovereignty, “real Armenia”, “peace”, etc.,” emphasized Hakob Badalyan.

You can read the full article at this address: https://hraparak.am/am/post/4fef2d74288a64ba58a34728d0c66899?fbclid=IwY2xjawRvS6pleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETF5dW9OS08zTVRNc1ZPN2pyc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHq-_3F3wBvjLtFQMrQXUDYwkOAkzKKoPI71rZuBOxA-7FxmzOEXaXEDBxM4X_aem_duvT4IlsZDA4MMgpNxp3yw

© 2008 – 2026 “Hraparak Daily”

Filed Under: Articles

Mr. Karapetyan laid out the failures he inherited from the current government-and presented a clear, decisive plan

April 23, 2026 By administrator

By Wally Sarkeesian

We are taking on a great responsibility.

We must work together to ensure the continued development of our country. But before we speak about development, let us clearly define what we have inherited from the previous incompetent authorities.

We have inherited:
a lost second homeland.
Occupied territories within the sovereign borders of Armenia by Azerbaijan.
The consequences of a bloody war, with severe human and territorial losses.

We have inherited a failure in foreign policy—
because of speaking to our key allies in the language of blackmail,
we have lost their trust.

Today, Armenia has become a center of geopolitical conflict.

We have inherited:
our best compatriots imprisoned in Baku.

In the economy, we have inherited:
a collapsed system,
21% poverty,
a society drowning in debt,
and a national debt approaching $15 billion.

The potential of the diaspora has been pushed out of Armenia’s economic life.
Domestic investors have become completely indifferent due to pressure from law enforcement bodies.

But we are here to change this reality.

What are we going to do?

First, we will work 24 hours a day.
We will build a united and strong society.
We will restore the role and place of the Church in our national life.

Justice, rule of law, and humanity will become the foundation of our state.

And as we promised,
we will deliver real, guaranteed peace.
I personally guarantee it.


Now, I would like to give the floor to Narek Karapetyan, who will present our economic plans.


Thank you.

Our next steps are clear.

Within the next two weeks, a law will be submitted to the National Assembly that will exempt small businesses from turnover tax.
This will create at least 50,000 new jobs over the next five years.

At the same time, we aim to create up to 300,000 jobs for our people.

Second,
we will create competitive economic conditions for both medium and large businesses, making Armenia one of the most attractive countries in the region for investment.

We will implement programs to:
develop local production,
reduce imports,
and strengthen domestic manufacturing.

To rebuild Armenia, we need major foreign investments,
and we will ensure their rapid inflow in a very short time.

In the coming meetings, we will present new economic development programs,
which, in my view, will be revolutionary for Armenia.

Filed Under: News

Anna Hakobyan Join Pashinyan, holding a motorcade rally sign of desperation…

April 19, 2026 By administrator

Do you know why he is holding a motorcade? Because he does not dare to hold a rally.

He has no hope that at least a more-or-less crowded rally will turn out. And forming a column of 10-20-30 cars is not difficult, and that column already gives the impression of being crowded… well, and the people hidden in the cars are both providing a service to the authorities and not very visible to others.

Don’t be surprised if some of those people also appear at the opposition rallies tomorrow. And don’t forget that at this stage of the “life-or-death” struggle, they have put all their administrative resources into action – with community leaders, law enforcement officers… and even “heavy artillery” – Anna joined her ex-husband today… perhaps the situation is really difficult – the last bullets are being fired.

Do you know why in recent years he has been organizing shows, governors, Jennifer Lopez, concerts, New Year’s celebrations, and today there will be another concert in Gyumri… so that people tired of the stress and psychological terror he has caused himself can involuntarily participate in them to relieve themselves a little and pretend that this is his electorate, that so many people accept and elect him…

And the meaning of these titanic efforts and cunning is one thing: to inspire the public that they have already “carried” the defeat of all normal Armenians in the June 7 elections…

But people should clearly realize that if this time he managed to deceive, fool the public and repeat the history of 21, in one of his next speeches he will already explain why Armenians do not have the right to have a state and how he himself made the choice between “saving” the lives of 2 million people and becoming a province of Azerbaijan, and what a great “courage” he is to demonstrate in making that difficult decision, and some mentally retarded people will propose to erect his statue in Republic Square…

Filed Under: News

Pashinyan’s dirty election games have just started.

April 15, 2026 By administrator

Source Hraparak Daily,

Since early morning, the head of state has been sending another order to the heavy artillery of the CP via WhatsApp. This time, the order was to maximally discredit the two women of the “Strong Armenia” party who were detained yesterday and to create an atmosphere of fear. The notorious CP members, without waiting for each other, go live and post in the style of “we will put everyone in jail”, “catch them, they are rigging the election”.

Members of the same force that have repeatedly falsified and distorted similar recordings are now using the recording, which does not contain any criminally punishable elements, as a banner to try to convince the public that Gohar Ghumashyan, who has a newborn child, rigged the election and let the country down.

Social Minister Arsen Torosyan convinces live that Pashinyan is not providing individual assistance to people who approach him, but is solving systemic problems, but he does not mention how finding a person a good job can be a solution to a systemic problem. We all remember how Pashinyan instructed the young man who approached him to find a “good job.”

MP, head of the CP faction Hayk Kojoryan is predicting that the opposition will shoot several more protesters in the street next or sacrifice the state, forgetting to mention that the only force that has sacrificed the Armenian state to date is their CP.

Ruben Rubinyan warns people associated with “Strong Armenia” that they will be arrested, regardless of gender, age, and whether they have a newborn, if they decide that they have distributed electoral bribes. Even though there was no mention of bribery in the recording they attached.

The heaviest “artilleryman”, Arayik Harutyunyan, also believes that the purpose of the joint opposition rally is to exert pressure so that the opposition is not arrested on charges of electoral bribery. This person is either fooling us or himself. In his opinion, is there no other reason to hold a rally against the government that has brought the country to this state?

It is clear that the reason for this CP “rally” is the fear of the rally announced by Ishkhan Saghatelyan last night. The large number of people at the previous rally suggests that the next one may be more influential and the CP leader is terrified of it.

Filed Under: News

Peace Through Law: The Hereditary Rights of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians as the Foundation of a Legitimate Treaty.

April 10, 2026 By administrator

ADDRESS TO THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE “BRIDGE OF PEACE” INITIATIVE

Aram Mkrtchyan, The United Armenian Senate Coordinator

Peace Through Law: The Hereditary Rights of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians as the Foundation of a Legitimate Treaty. “Modus Vivendi” — A Solid Basis for Regional Stability

Roundtable discussions between representatives of Azerbaijani and Armenian civil societies have commenced in Baku. As part of this initiative, Aram Mkrtchyan, coordinator of the All-Armenian Senate, sent a policy statement to the participants from Germany.

Distinguished Farhad Mamedov, Director of the South Caucasus Research Center ; distinguished Areg Kochinyan, President of the Research Center on Security Policy ; esteemed representatives of civil society and participants of the round table held in Baku from April 10 to 12, 2026.

In October 2022, when Farhad Mamedov and I began our dialogue on “The Role of Civil Society in Overcoming Enmity and Finding Paths for Cooperation,” our goal was to find formulas that would withstand all the trials of Realpolitik and reject the “Genghis Khan system”.

Today, representing an entity that embodies the constructive potential of the Diaspora, I propose a new quality of dialogue. It is based not on “intellectual arrogance,” but on the long-term legitimacy and stability of our region. For the “Bridge of Peace” to become a functional tool for us all, it must be anchored in the following fundamental principles:

1․Azerbaijan acts as the legal successor to the 1918-1920 republic, which presents a genuine legal opportunity to re-recognize the 3,000-year-old inalienable hereditary rights of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. We do not view this as a concession or “moral capitulation,” for rights are not for sale. We simply state that historical experience and our powerful intellectual potential since the Ottoman era of 1864 confirm: the use of force does not create legal consequences. After all, we all know that a crime does not give rise to a right (Ex injuria jus non oritur). What a century of propaganda attempts to present as “Armenian aggression” is, in reality, a natural aspiration to restore the suspended rights of the Armenian people.

2․While building the bridge of peace, we bring a pragmatic calculation to the table. Petro dollars are depletable, whereas the Diaspora’s “global capital” and intellectual network are enduring and far exceed today’s economic balances. We propose a model where the re-recognition of the Armenian presence and rights in their historical cradle opens the doors of global humanism and religion, ensuring the flow of capital for regional projects. This is the Diaspora’s practical resource that can refragment global and regional confrontation, transforming it into economic and civilizational cooperation.

3․For you, the Diaspora, and the international community to perceive this proposal as a serious opportunity, a true mandate of trust is required. The immediate return of Armenian prisoners of war and captives is not a subject of political bargaining, but proof that Baku is ready to build a future based on law rather than coercion.

We are confident that in the near future, law will overcome the dictates of temporary force. We live in the Diaspora temporarily, but our rights are eternal. I wish us all the courage to build a peace founded on invulnerable legal truth and mutual respect.

With respect and expectation for constructive solutions,

Aram Mkrtchyan

The United Aremian Senate

Coordinator 

Filed Under: Articles

A letter from Leading businessman of the United Arab Emirates. Khalaf Hamad Al Habtour, sent to Donald Trump

March 15, 2026 By administrator

These are spiraling really badly out of control. We have three of the wealthiest Arab nations that are now considering pulling out of the U.S. economy, pulling out investments because of the cost of this war that has been waged by Donald Trump. And when I say that they are, they are the foundation of our economy, and if they pull out their investments, it could crash our economy. That is an understatement. And now we have this letter that was just sent to Donald Trump and published for all of us to read by the leading businessman of the United Arab Emirates. His name is Khalaf Hamad Al Habtour. You’re going to need to sit down for this as I read this.

His Excellency President Donald Trump, a direct question. Who gave you the authority to drag our region into a war with Iran? And on what basis did you make this dangerous decision? Did you calculate the collateral damage before pulling the trigger? And did you consider that the first to suffer from this escalation will be the countries of the region itself? The people of this region have the right to ask as well. Was this your decision alone, or did it come as a result of pressures from Netanyahu and his government? You have placed the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the Arab countries at the heart of a danger they did not choose. Thank God we are strong and capable of defending ourselves, and we have armies and defenses that protect our homelands, but the question remains: Who permitted you to turn our region? into a battlefield.

Before the ink has dried on your Board of Peace initiative that you announced in the name of peace and stability, we find ourselves facing a military escalation that endangers our entire region. So where did those initiatives go? And what is the fate of the commitments made in the name of peace? Most of the funding proposed in your initiatives came from the countries of the regions themselves and from Arab Gulf countries that contributed billions of dollars on the basis of supporting stability and development. And these countries have the right to ask today, where did this money go? And are we funding peace initiatives or funding a war that exposes us to danger? More dangerous than that, your decision threatens not only the people of the region but also the American people, whom you promised peace and prosperity. And here they are today, finding themselves in a war funded from their money and taxes, which costs, according to the Institute of Policy Studies, between $40 to $65 billion for direct military operations and could reach $210 billion, including economic impacts and indirect losses, if it lasts four to five weeks.

Not to mention the sacrifice of Americans themselves in a war in which they have neither camel nor she-camel, which I take that phrase to mean being on foot. You have even broken your promises not to get involved in wars and to focus only on America and put it at the top of your priorities, as you ordered foreign military interventions during your second term that included seven countries: Somalia, Iraq, Yemen, Nigeria, Syria, Iran, and Venezuela, in addition to naval operations in the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean. You directed more than 658 foreign airstrikes in your first year in office, which equals the total number of strikes in Biden’s entire term, for which you directed your arrows of criticism for involving the United States in foreign wars. Your Excellency, the President, these numbers have severely affected your approval rating in America.

Source: Bayo News Network

Filed Under: News

Anna Hakobyan prepared a heartbreaking text about the deprivations “Hraparak”

March 2, 2026 By administrator

Anna Hakobyan prepared a heartbreaking text about the deprivations she has lived with during these years, not even having money for clothes. “Hraparak”

The “Hraparak” daily writes: For the sake of votes, for the sake of keeping power, Nikol Pashinyan is ready for the most incredible, crazy steps, he is ready to “sacrifice” even his family, make his personal life a subject of public discussion, put everything on the altar, just to be re-elected and remain in the post of Prime Minister.

Pensions and benefits, raising the salaries of kindergarten teachers, maintaining the water supply schedule, increasing the amount of declaration amounts and other decisions, as well as many promises that will certainly be made in the near future, are aimed at this. Just as the ceasefire declared in the campaign against the Church, the formation of Varchabend, the holding of intra-party primaries, personnel transfers, etc., which are part of the arsenal of political technologies, are aimed at this. From that arsenal are also the lofty statements that if we are not there, there will be no peace, if we are not elected, Trump’s path will not be built.

Yesterday, this pre-election theater was replenished with another one: Pashinyan’s wife, Anna Hakobyan, announced her divorce from her husband, leaving the government summer house and living on rent. She had prepared a heartbreaking text about the deprivations and restraints she has lived with during these years, that she did not even have money for clothes, she borrowed designer clothes “on the street”, wore them, appeared at some state ceremony, and then returned them to the owners. The couple, who create an image of poor, destitute people, probably hopes that the voter will sympathize with them, value the prime minister for not wasting the state budget on his wife, and they will get a few more votes. Or they will use this to refute the rumors about corruption, the negative impression left by the paid dinners of the “My Step” foundation.

By the way, yesterday, behind the scenes of the CP, they were discussing that the idea of ​​this theater was Pashinyan’s, he understands that his wife has a high anti-rating, that in the Armenian reality she has managed to become “Sashik 2”, so he suggested that Anna Hakobyan officially leave his life; perhaps this departure, even if insignificant, will help their joint cause – his reproduction.

Pashinyan probably thinks that the voter has forgotten the promises he and his group made in 2021 and hopes that this time, by misleading the voter, he can reproduce himself in a third term.

And what did he promise five years ago, on the eve of the elections on June 20, 2021? The CP made the most extravagant promises in its pre-election program regarding Artsakh: the realization of the right of the Artsakh people to self-determination, guaranteeing the security of the Artsakh people, de-occupation of Shushi and Hadrut, and the resolution of the conflict by ensuring the rights of the Artsakh Armenians. Even before that, when the whole country was demanding his resignation, he was making heartbreaking speeches, asking for 6 months to change the situation and publishing a roadmap. He promised to restore the Artsakh negotiation process in the format of the OSCE Minsk Group co-chairmanship, and to return the captives as soon as possible, and to resolve the issue of the missing.

“The captives will forgive us for staying in captivity for a month, two more months,” Pashinyan shamelessly declared during the campaign. Those 1-2 months have already turned into 5 or more years, to which the military-political leaders of Artsakh, who have been tortured in Baku for 2.5 years, have also been added. He promised to sign a peace treaty, but it was only initialed, and the Azerbaijani president continues to give Pashinyan homework: change the Constitution, get rid of the Declaration, refuse international lawsuits, etc.

The promises made by Pashinyan’s team in the social sphere have also remained on paper. “Reduce unemployment to below 10%; Reduce the poverty level by half; Increase the average pension from 43,500 drams to 61,000 drams; Increase the minimum pension from 26,500 drams to 37,000 drams; Increase the minimum salary from 68,000 drams to at least 85,000 drams,” Pashinyan promised in his 2021 election program. Let’s see what the picture is now, with official figures. According to information published by the Statistical Committee, according to the data for the 3rd quarter of 2025, the unemployment rate was 11.8%. The average pension, instead of the promised 61 thousand, is 49 thousand 32 drams. The minimum pension was increased only after 5 years, and at that, in a desperate way. From April 1, 2 months before the elections, people will receive 10 thousand more. The promise regarding the minimum wage has not been fulfilled either. Now the minimum wage is 75 thousand drams.

So, the grandiose promises made before the 2026 elections will suffer the same fate, if by some miracle the CP is reproduced. But Aliyev’s promises about “Western Azerbaijan”, 300 thousand Azerbaijanis living in Armenia, taking Tigranashen and receiving the Zangezur corridor will become reality.

Details in today’s issue of the “Hraparak” daily.

Filed Under: News

Endless Wars & Concentration of power in one man’s hand:

February 28, 2026 By administrator

By Wally Sarkeesian,

Endless Wars & Concentration of power in one man’s hand:

What really bothers me about the political system is how much power is concentrated in one person. Whether it’s in the United States or any other country, big or small, millions of lives can depend on the decisions of a single leader.

History shows how dangerous that can be. From figures like Adolf Hitler to more recent leaders, major conflicts and crises have often been driven by the choices of one individual. That’s a serious flaw in how many political systems are structured.

There are exceptions. In countries like Switzerland, power is more distributed. Leadership rotates, and decisions are made collectively rather than resting on one person’s authority. It’s a very different model.

The concern is that people often place too much trust in a single leader, voting for one individual to carry enormous responsibility. When power is that centralized, the risk of misuse or poor decisions is always there-and that’s a problem many societies continue to face.

Look at the United States as an example. Leaders often campaign one way and govern another, and major military actions can still end up tied to decisions at the top.

George H. W. Bush led the Gulf War in Iraq. Then Bill Clinton, who wasn’t elected on a war platform, still oversaw military interventions, including NATO’s campaign in Yugoslavia.

After that, George W. Bush came in saying he would avoid nation-building, yet the U.S. went into Iraq and Afghanistan. Then Barack Obama, elected in part on anti-war sentiment, authorized actions in Libya and expanded involvement in Syria.

More recently, under Joe Biden, the U.S. has supported Ukraine in its war with Russia. And even Donald Trump, who often spoke against wars, still authorized military strikes during his presidency.

The broader issue is that, despite elections and promises, major decisions—especially about war—can still come down to a small group of leaders, sometimes even one person. That concentration of power is what worries many people, because the consequences affect millions.

Filed Under: News

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