Michael Rubin Archives

by Michael Rubin,

Every April, Turkish diplomats and members of the Congressional Turkey Caucus scramble to avert a resolution recognizing as genocide the World War I-era Ottoman massacres of Armenians. Turkish officials oppose any resolution holding Turkey responsible both because the Republic of Turkey was not formally declared until 1923 and because they hold that what happened was not deliberate but rather occurred in the fog of war. Other Turkish historians and politicians hold that the evidence upon which genocide historians rely is exaggerated if not fraudulent.

Lost in the debate about what transpired more than a century ago is what is happening now: Turkey has undertaken and continues to undertake campaigns of ethnic cleansing, and it systematically destroys cemeteries and cultural artifacts in areas where the Turkish army deploys in order to retroactively “Turkify” each region’s history.

Consider Cyprus: Turkish forces invaded Cyprus in 1974 to prevent the island’s annexation by Greece. The nationalist Greek junta that staged a coup in Cyprus and planned the annexation of the island nation, however, collapsed shortly after, and Greece embraced democracy. Whatever reason Turkey had to occupy 1,300 square miles of Cypriot territory evaporated.

But Turkish forces did not leave. They forced ethnic Greeks and Christians from the zone they occupied and, according to the Cypriot Foreign Ministry, “More than 550 Greek Orthodox churches, chapels and monasteries located in towns and villages of the occupied areas, have been pillaged, deliberately vandalized and, in some cases, demolished.” Turkish journalist Uzay Bulut chronicled more, as did Greek journalist Nick Kampouris.

Then, there is Afrin, the district in Syria that Turkey invaded 11 months ago and has been systematically cleansing of both Kurds and Kurdish heritage ever since.

Turkish warplanes reportedly destroyed the tomb of St. Maron and the fourth-century Julianos Church, a UNESCO site. Turkish forces also pulled down a statue of Kawa the blacksmith, a legendary hero of the Kurdish New Year, when they seized the center of Afrin. The deliberate destruction of cultural heritage is a violation for which those giving the order can be prosecuted.

Local civilians have also videotaped systematic destruction of cemeteries in the region. The motivation for this is simple: The Erdogan regime and the Turkish media it controls repeat the line that the Kurds and Christians in Afrin were recent transplants, basically interlopers on Arab land. Cemeteries dating back decades or centuries belie that line. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is not alone in the systematic destruction of cemeteries. When Muammar Qadhafi seized power in Libya in 1969, he ordered all Jewish cemeteries destroyed and the bodies of Europeans exhumed. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein likewise destroyed the graves of both Kurds and Shiites. For Erdogan to be in such company should embarrass Turks and other NATO members alike.

Within Turkey as well, cultural heritage is being erased. The Ilisu dam, which opened earlier this year, has begun to flood the ancient city of Hasankeyf, which archaeologists believe to have been continually inhabited for 10,000 years. Unfortunately for archaeologists and Kurds, the town has been in Turkish crosshairs since it has been predominantly Kurdish for the last several centuries. Erdogan is playing other games in the region. While he complains about the strain Syria’s refugee crisis causes Turkey, he has also offered Syrian Sunnis citizenship if they settle in traditionally Alevi villages in Hatay or Kurdish towns in southeastern Anatolia. In effect, changing demography and denying and erasing history have become guiding principles of Erdogan’s Turkey.

What does this mean for U.S. policymakers? It is all well and good and important to debate Armenian genocide, but it is equally important for members of the Congressional Turkey Caucus who provide cover for Turkey to understand just for what they are providing cover. The pattern of ongoing ethnic cleansing by Turkey of Kurds and Christians in Syria is clear, and it threatens now to get worse.

What is necessary to do is to recognize Turkey’s actions and hold the Turks perpetrating the destruction of Greek, Kurdish, and Christian heritage accountable. In the case of Cyprus, it is time to recognize that any compromise recognizing a federal role for the Turkish Cypriot government would effectively bless the ethnic cleansing it has committed and continues to commit. With regard to Syria, it is long past time to understand that Erdogan is motivated not by counterterrorism, but rather by racism and religious hatred. As such, it is crucial to recognize that Erdogan is far less a partner than a 21st-century Slobodan Milosevic.

Michael Rubin (@Mrubin1971) is a contributor to the Washington Examiner’s Beltway Confidential blog. He is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a former Pentagon official.

The poster of Massoud Barzani, whose term as President of Kurdistan region ended on August 20, 2015, but refused to step down and remains unofficially in office, in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, September 2017. Photo: AP

By Michael Rubin

The Kirkuk crisis seems largely over. With the exception of a pocket here or there, Iraq has regained areas lost or abandoned in 2014, while the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) retains control of those regions which the Iraqi constitution assigns it. Stripping away the propaganda, polemics, and disinformation of the past week, what happened is clear:

Masoud Barzani overstepped. He might have compromised, but he spurred all offers in his own nationalist frenzy and efforts to distract from the political and economic malaise which his dictatorship had wrought. He forced a confrontation, and he lost. It’s that simple. Had he compromised, Kurds would still retain daily control over disputed areas in Diyala, Nineveh, and Kirkuk. The decision and responsibility for it was Barzani and Barzani’s alone. There was no 1975-style betrayal, for the United States was very transparent in what would happen.

So what happens next with regard to US policy toward the Kurds?

US policy must be cognizant of the complexity of the region. While it’s easy to be sympathetic to the Kurdish narrative, there should be some soul-searching for those who took part in KRG propaganda tours and only now are surprised by what Kurds and regional minorities say when freed from the watchful eyes of Kurdish militias and intelligence.

Barzani is an illegitimate leader. Under Kurdish law, his term in office expired more than two years ago. The State Department and Presidential Envoy Brett McGurk erred by continuing to engage him. They may have thought it was easier to engage a dictator than deal with a more complex Kurdish political landscape, but they were wrong. By law, Yusuf M. Sadiq, the speaker of parliament, should be recognized by Washington as Iraqi Kurdistan’s interim president until elections can be organized. Those elections should be organized by a commission independent in more than just its name and observed professionally by credible groups like the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Carter Center, or the National Democratic Institute, among others.

Prior to the September 25 referendum, the KRG and its proxies in Washington and London invited former officials, think tankers and academics to “observe” the referendum and promised that all expenses would be covered by the KRG. Most smartly demurred and stayed home. They were right. I saw some of the invitations and the proposed schedule: They included just about two hours of observation at hand-picked voting centers but were heavy on meetings with KDP bigwigs and entertainment. That sort of nonsense delegitimizes neutral observation; it is frankly what dictatorships do, not democracies.

When new elections occur, it is time for Kurdish leaders to address an issue they have ignored for 25 years: Do the properties in which top leaders live belong to the individuals, parties, or government? Let us hope that it is the latter. What this means is that if Barzani steps down, he should vacate his palace and his mountaintop complex in Sar-e Rash. Let him purchase a house in Erbil but, if he doesn’t want to mix with ordinary Kurds, then let him return to his village or go abroad. His father once fled to Moscow but Barzani may prefer Turkey or Dubai. Frankly, it is long past time the KRG abandoned its mountaintop complex, once a popular resort until confiscated first by Saddam Hussein and, after 1991, the Barzani family.

The hands of America — or, more accurately, Americans — are not entirely clean. In the weeks before the referendum, Kurds with whom I spoke suggested that despite all the official statements coming from Washington, they had been assured by other Americans that the United States would accept the referendum. Who were these Americans who gave the Kurds such false assurances? It’s time for the Kurds to say. Did they misinterpret outspoken congressmen? Or did they listen too much to former US officials who had leveraged their former positions into business opportunities in the region? It does a huge disservice to American statecraft in Iraq and elsewhere when former ambassadors effectively use their title to bolster their local importance long after their terms have expired.

It is also time for the United States to be transparent with regard to the Syrian Kurds. In early 2014, long before US government officials would deal with Syrian Kurds, I visited the homeland they had carved out for themselves against the backdrop of fighting Islamist radicals in Syria. It was impressive. Little did I know that was only the start. The People’s Protection Units (YPG) and the YPG-dominated Syrian Democratic Forces were, hands-down, the most capable and effective local fighting force against Al Qaeda and the Islamic State. They should be rewarded. It’s time for a real debate about de-listing the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) which, frankly, has long seemed more an insurgency than a terror group. Turkey — to whom the State Department has for too long deferred — has no basis for complaint given President Erdogan’s own outreach to the group in years past as well as Turkey’s open embrace of Hamas.

Simply put, the United States should guarantee Syrian Kurdistan (or Rojava as Kurds call it) be considered a federal region within Syria. Syrian Kurds should not be betrayed. Preventing betrayal means not only deterring potential Turkish aggression, but also engaging with Rojava’s leaders so that they shed the personality cults that so undercut their Iraqi Kurdish cousins.

The Kurds in both Rojava and Iraqi Kurdistan are capable of democracy. Democracy, however, is about accountability, not backroom deals to divide the region along preordained lines hashed out by party bosses. It means accountability to the rule-of-law regardless of family name. No one should be able to murder a journalist with impunity nor should they be able to leverage their political offices to augment family fortunes. Indeed, against the backdrop of so much financial hardship, it is well past time Kurds demanded the return of stolen assets. The true peshmerga who fought on the frontlines (rather than those who claimed to be peshmerga but traded oil with the Islamic State) deserve no less.

The article first published at American Enterprise Institute.

Confront Turkey’s ethnic cleansing and stop indulging it

Michael Rubin: What is American policy toward Kurdistan?